path: root/mod/mod-ci-github.cxx

// file      : mod/mod-ci-github.cxx -*- C++ -*-
// license   : MIT; see accompanying LICENSE file

#include <mod/mod-ci-github.hxx>

#include <libbutl/curl.hxx>
#include <libbutl/json/parser.hxx>
#include <libbutl/json/serializer.hxx>

#include <mod/jwt.hxx>
#include <mod/hmac.hxx>
#include <mod/module-options.hxx>

#include <stdexcept>
#include <iostream> // @@ TODO Remove once debug output has been removed.

// @@ TODO
//
//    Building CI checks with a GitHub App
//    https://docs.github.com/en/apps/creating-github-apps/writing-code-for-a-github-app/building-ci-checks-with-a-github-app
//

// @@ TODO Best practices
//
//    Webhooks:
//    https://docs.github.com/en/webhooks/using-webhooks/best-practices-for-using-webhooks
//    https://docs.github.com/en/webhooks/using-webhooks/validating-webhook-deliveries
//
//    REST API:
//    https://docs.github.com/en/rest/using-the-rest-api/best-practices-for-using-the-rest-api?apiVersion=2022-11-28
//
//    Creating an App:
//    https://docs.github.com/en/apps/creating-github-apps/about-creating-github-apps/best-practices-for-creating-a-github-app
//
//    Use a webhook secret to ensure request is coming from Github. HMAC:
//    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC#Definition. A suitable implementation
//    is provided by OpenSSL.

using namespace std;
using namespace butl;
using namespace web;
using namespace brep::cli;

namespace brep
{
  using namespace gh;

  ci_github::
  ci_github (tenant_service_map& tsm)
      : tenant_service_map_ (tsm)
  {
  }

  ci_github::
  ci_github (const ci_github& r, tenant_service_map& tsm)
      : handler (r),
        ci_start (r),
        options_ (r.initialized_ ? r.options_ : nullptr),
        tenant_service_map_ (tsm)
  {
  }

  void ci_github::
  init (scanner& s)
  {
    {
      shared_ptr<tenant_service_base> ts (
        dynamic_pointer_cast<tenant_service_base> (shared_from_this ()));

      assert (ts != nullptr); // By definition.

      tenant_service_map_["ci-github"] = move (ts);
    }

    options_ = make_shared<options::ci_github> (
      s, unknown_mode::fail, unknown_mode::fail);

    // Prepare for the CI requests handling, if configured.
    //
    if (options_->ci_github_app_webhook_secret_specified ())
    {
      ci_start::init (make_shared<options::ci_start> (*options_));
    }
  }

  bool ci_github::
  handle (request& rq, response&)
  {
    using namespace bpkg;

    HANDLER_DIAG;

    if (!options_->ci_github_app_webhook_secret_specified ())
      throw invalid_request (404, "GitHub CI request submission disabled");

    // Process headers.
    //
    // @@ TMP Shouldn't we also error<< in some of these header problem cases?
    //
    // @@ TMP From GitHub docs: "You can create webhooks that subscribe to the
    //        events listed on this page."
    //
    //        So it seems appropriate to generally use the term "event" (which
    //        we already do for the most part), and "webhook event" only when
    //        more context would be useful?
    //
    string event; // Webhook event.
    string hmac;  // Received HMAC.
    {
      bool content_type (false);

      for (const name_value& h: rq.headers ())
      {
        // HMAC authenticating this request. Note that it won't be present
        // unless a webhook secret has been set in the GitHub app's settings.
        //
        if (icasecmp (h.name, "x-hub-signature-256") == 0)
        {
          if (!h.value)
            throw invalid_request (400, "missing x-hub-signature-256 value");

          // Parse the x-hub-signature-256 header value. For example:
          //
          // sha256=5e82258...
          //
          // Check for the presence of the "sha256=" prefix and then strip it
          // to leave only the HMAC value.
          //
          if (h.value->find ("sha256=", 0, 7) == string::npos)
            throw invalid_request (400, "invalid x-hub-signature-256 value");

          hmac = h.value->substr (7);
        }
        // This event's UUID.
        //
        else if (icasecmp (h.name, "x-github-delivery") == 0)
        {
          // @@ TODO Check that delivery UUID has not been received before
          //         (replay attack).
        }
        else if (icasecmp (h.name, "content-type") == 0)
        {
          if (!h.value)
            throw invalid_request (400, "missing content-type value");

          if (icasecmp (*h.value, "application/json") != 0)
          {
            throw invalid_request (400,
                                   "invalid content-type value: '" + *h.value +
                                   '\'');
          }

          content_type = true;
        }
        // The webhook event.
        //
        else if (icasecmp (h.name, "x-github-event") == 0)
        {
          if (!h.value)
            throw invalid_request (400, "missing x-github-event value");

          event = *h.value;
        }
      }

      if (!content_type)
        throw invalid_request (400, "missing content-type header");

      if (event.empty ())
        throw invalid_request (400, "missing x-github-event header");

      if (hmac.empty ())
        throw invalid_request (400, "missing x-hub-signature-256 header");
    }

    // Read the entire request body into a buffer because we need to compute
    // an HMAC over it and then parse it as JSON. The alternative of reading
    // from the stream twice works out to be more complicated (see also @@
    // TODO item in web/server/module.hxx).
    //
    string body;
    {
      // Note that even though we may not need caching right now, we may later
      // (e.g., to support cancel) so let's just enable it right away.
      //
      size_t limit (128 * 1024);

      istream& is (rq.content (limit, limit));

      try
      {
        getline (is, body, '\0');
      }
      catch (const io_error& e)
      {
        fail << "unable to read request body: " << e;
      }
    }

    // Verify the received HMAC.
    //
    // Compute the HMAC value over the request body using the configured
    // webhook secret as key and compare it to the received HMAC.
    //
    try
    {
      string h (
        compute_hmac (*options_,
                      body.data (), body.size (),
                      options_->ci_github_app_webhook_secret ().c_str ()));

      if (!icasecmp (h, hmac))
      {
        string m ("computed HMAC does not match received HMAC");

        error << m;

        throw invalid_request (400, move (m));
      }
    }
    catch (const system_error& e)
    {
      fail << "unable to compute request HMAC: " << e;
    }

    // There is a webhook event (specified in the x-github-event header) and
    // each event contains a bunch of actions (specified in the JSON request
    // body).
    //
    // Note: "GitHub continues to add new event types and new actions to
    // existing event types." As a result we ignore known actions that we are
    // not interested in and log and ignore unknown actions. The thinking here
    // is that we want be "notified" of new actions at which point we can decide
    // whether to ignore them or to handle.
    //
    if (event == "check_suite")
    {
      check_suite_event cs;
      try
      {
        json::parser p (body.data (), body.size (), "check_suite event");

        cs = check_suite_event (p);
      }
      catch (const json::invalid_json_input& e)
      {
        string m ("malformed JSON in " + e.name + " request body");

        error << m << ", line: " << e.line << ", column: " << e.column
              << ", byte offset: " << e.position << ", error: " << e;

        throw invalid_request (400, move (m));
      }

      if (cs.action == "requested")
      {
        return handle_check_suite_request (move (cs));
      }
      else if (cs.action == "rerequested")
      {
        // Someone manually requested to re-run the check runs in this check
        // suite. Treat as a new request.
        //
        // @@ TMP Creating check_runs with same names as before will update
        //        the existing check_runs on GitHub (as opposed to creating
        //        new check_runs with the same names).
        //
        return handle_check_suite_request (move (cs));
      }
      else if (cs.action == "completed")
      {
        // GitHub thinks that "all the check runs in this check suite have
        // completed and a conclusion is available". Looks like this one we
        // ignore?
        //
        // @@ TODO What if our bookkeeping says otherwise? See conclusion
        //    field which includes timedout. Need to come back to this once
        //    have the "happy path" implemented.
        //
        return true;
      }
      else
      {
        // Ignore unknown actions by sending a 200 response with empty body
        // but also log as an error since we want to notice new actions.
        //
        error << "unknown action '" << cs.action << "' in check_suite event";

        return true;
      }
    }
    else if (event == "pull_request")
    {
      // @@ TODO

      throw invalid_request (501, "pull request events not implemented yet");
    }
    else
    {
      // Log to investigate.
      //
      error << "unexpected event '" << event << "'";

      throw invalid_request (400, "unexpected event: '" + event + "'");
    }
  }

  // Tenant service data.
  //
  struct service_data
  {
    string installation_access_token;
    string repository_id;
    string head_sha;

    // Construct from JSON.
    //
    explicit
    service_data (const string& json);

    // Serialize fields to JSON.
    //
    static string
    json (const string& iat, const string& rid, const string& hs);
  };

  bool ci_github::
  handle_check_suite_request (check_suite_event cs)
  {
    HANDLER_DIAG;

    cout << "<check_suite event>" << endl << cs << endl;

    installation_access_token iat (
      obtain_installation_access_token (cs.installation.id, generate_jwt ()));

    cout << endl << "<installation_access_token>" << endl << iat << endl;

    // Submit the CI request.
    //
    repository_location rl (cs.repository.clone_url + '#' +
                                cs.check_suite.head_branch,
                            repository_type::git);

    string sd (service_data::json (iat.token,
                                   cs.repository.node_id,
                                   cs.check_suite.head_sha));

    optional<start_result> r (
        start (error,
               warn,
               verb_ ? &trace : nullptr,
               tenant_service ("", "ci-github", move (sd)),
               move (rl),
               vector<package> {},
               nullopt, // client_ip
               nullopt  // user_agent
               ));

    if (!r)
      fail << "unable to submit CI request";

    return true;
  }

  // GraphQL serialization functions.
  //
  // The GraphQL spec:
  //   https://spec.graphql.org/
  //
  // The GitHub GraphQL API reference:
  //   https://docs.github.com/en/graphql/reference/
  //

  // Check that a string is a valid GraphQL name.
  //
  // GraphQL names can contain only alphanumeric characters and underscores
  // and cannot begin with a digit (so basically a C identifier).
  //
  // Return the name or throw invalid_argument if it is invalid.
  //
  static const string&
  gq_name (const string& v)
  {
    if (v.empty () || digit (v[0]))
      throw invalid_argument ("invalid GraphQL name: '" + v + '\'');

    for (char c: v)
    {
      if (!alnum (c) && c != '_')
      {
        throw invalid_argument ("invalid character in GraphQL name: '" + c +
                                '\'');
      }
    }

    return v;
  }

  // Serialize a string to GraphQL.
  //
  // Return the serialized string or throw invalid_argument if the string is
  // invalid.
  //
  static string
  gq_str (const string& v)
  {
    // GraphQL strings are the same as JSON strings so we use the JSON
    // serializer.
    //
    string b;
    json::buffer_serializer s (b);

    try
    {
      s.value (v);
    }
    catch (const json::invalid_json_output&)
    {
      throw invalid_argument ("invalid GraphQL string: '" + v + '\'');
    }

    return b;
  }

  // Serialize an int to GraphQL.
  //
#if 0
  static string
  gq_int (uint64_t v)
  {
    string b;
    json::buffer_serializer s (b);
    s.value (v);
    return b;
  }
#endif

  // Serialize a boolean to GraphQL.
  //
  static inline string
  gq_bool (bool v)
  {
    return v ? "true" : "false";
  }

  // Check that a string is a valid GraphQL enum value.
  //
  // GraphQL enum values can be any GraphQL name except for `true`, `false`,
  // or `null`.
  //
  // Return the enum value or throw invalid_argument if it is invalid.
  //
  static const string&
  gq_enum (const string& v)
  {
    if (v == "true" || v == "false" || v == "null")
      throw invalid_argument ("invalid GraphQL enum value: '" + v + '\'');

    return gq_name (v);
  }

  // Create a check_run name from a build.
  //
  static string
  check_run_name (const build& b)
  {
    return b.package_name.string () + '/'    +
           b.package_version.string () + '/' +
           b.target.string () + '/'          +
           b.target_config_name + '/'        +
           b.package_config_name + '/'       +
           b.toolchain_name + '/'            +
           b.toolchain_version.string ();
  }

  // Serialize `createCheckRun` mutations for one or more builds to GraphQL.
  //
  static string
  queue_check_runs (const string& ri, // Repository ID
                    const string& hs, // Head SHA
                    const vector<build>& bs)
  {
    ostringstream os;

    os << "mutation {"                                              << '\n';

    // Serialize a `createCheckRun` for each build.
    //
    for (size_t i (0); i != bs.size (); ++i)
    {
      const build& b (bs[i]);

      string al ("cr" + to_string (i)); // Field alias.

      // Check run name.
      //
      string nm (check_run_name (b));

      os << gq_name (al) << ":createCheckRun(input: {"              << '\n'
         << "  name: "         << gq_str (nm) << ','                << '\n'
         << "  repositoryId: " << gq_str (ri) << ','                << '\n'
         << "  headSha: "      << gq_str (hs) << ','                << '\n'
         << "  status: "       << gq_enum ("QUEUED")                << '\n'
         << "})"                                                    << '\n'
        // Specify the selection set (fields to be returned).
        //
         << "{"                                                     << '\n'
         << "  checkRun {"                                          << '\n'
         << "    id,"                                               << '\n'
         << "    name,"                                             << '\n'
         << "    status"                                            << '\n'
         << "  }"                                                   << '\n'
         << "}"                                                     << '\n';
    }

    os << "}"                                                       << '\n';

    return os.str ();
  }

  // Serialize a GraphQL operation (query/mutation) into a GraphQL request.
  //
  // This is essentially a JSON object with a "query" string member containing
  // the GraphQL operation. For example:
  //
  // { "query": "mutation { cr0:createCheckRun(... }" }
  //
  static string
  graphql_request (const string& o)
  {
    string b;
    json::buffer_serializer s (b);

    s.begin_object ();
    s.member ("query", o);
    s.end_object ();

    return b;
  }

  // Parse a response to a check_run GraphQL mutation such as `createCheckRun`
  // or `updateCheckRun`.
  //
  // Return the received check run objects or throw runtime_error if the
  // response indicated errors and invalid_json_input if the GitHub response
  // contained invalid JSON.
  //
  // The response format is defined in the GraphQL spec:
  // https://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#sec-Response.
  //
  // Example response:
  //
  // {
  //   "data": {
  //     "cr0": {
  //       "checkRun": {
  //         "id": "CR_kwDOLc8CoM8AAAAFQ5GqPg",
  //         "name": "libb2/0.98.1+2/x86_64-linux-gnu/linux_debian_12-gcc_13.1-O3/default/dev/0.17.0-a.1",
  //         "status": "QUEUED"
  //       }
  //     },
  //     "cr1": {
  //       "checkRun": {
  //         "id": "CR_kwDOLc8CoM8AAAAFQ5GqhQ",
  //         "name": "libb2/0.98.1+2/x86_64-linux-gnu/linux_debian_12-gcc_13.1/default/dev/0.17.0-a.1",
  //         "status": "QUEUED"
  //       }
  //     }
  //   }
  // }
  //
  // @@ TODO Handle response errors properly.
  //
  static vector<check_run>
  parse_check_runs_response (json::parser& p)
  {
    using event = json::event;

    auto throw_json = [&p] [[noreturn]] (const string& m)
    {
      throw json::invalid_json_input (
        p.input_name,
        p.line (), p.column (), p.position (),
        m);
    };

    vector<check_run> r;

    // True if the data/errors fields are present.
    //
    // Although the spec merely recommends that the `errors` field, if
    // present, comes before the `data` field, assume it always does because
    // letting the client parse data in the presence of field errors
    // (unexpected nulls) would not make sense.
    //
    bool dat (false), err (false);

    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

    while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
    {
      if (p.name () == "data")
      {
        dat = true;

        // Currently we're not handling fields that are null due to field
        // errors (see below for details) so don't parse any further.
        //
        if (err)
          break;

        p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

        // Parse the "cr0".."crN" members (field aliases).
        //
        while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
        {
          // Parse `"crN": { "checkRun":`.
          //
          if (p.name () != "cr" + to_string (r.size ()))
            throw_json ("unexpected field alias: '" + p.name () + '\'');
          p.next_expect (event::begin_object);
          p.next_expect_name ("checkRun");

          r.emplace_back (p); // Parse the check_run object.

          p.next_expect (event::end_object); // Parse end of crN object.
        }

        if (r.empty ())
          throw_json ("data object is empty");
      }
      else if (p.name () == "errors")
      {
        // Don't stop parsing because the error semantics depends on whether
        // or not `data` is present.
        //
        err = true; // Handled below.
      }
      else
      {
        // The spec says the response will never contain any top-level fields
        // other than data, errors, and extensions.
        //
        if (p.name () != "extensions")
        {
          throw_json ("unexpected top-level GraphQL response field: '" +
                      p.name () + '\'');
        }

        p.next_expect_value_skip ();
      }
    }

    // If the `errors` field was present in the response, error(s) occurred
    // before or during execution of the operation.
    //
    // If the `data` field was not present the errors are request errors which
    // occur before execution and are typically the client's fault.
    //
    // If the `data` field was also present in the response the errors are
    // field errors which occur during execution and are typically the GraphQL
    // endpoint's fault, and some fields in `data` that should not be are
    // likely to be null.
    //
    if (err)
    {
      if (dat)
      {
        // @@ TODO: Consider parsing partial data?
        //
        throw runtime_error ("field error(s) received from GraphQL endpoint; "
                             "incomplete data received");
      }
      else
        throw runtime_error ("request error(s) received from GraphQL endpoint");
    }

    return r;
  }

  // Send a POST request to the GitHub API endpoint `ep`, parse GitHub's JSON
  // response into `rs` (only for 200 codes), and return the HTTP status code.
  //
  // The endpoint `ep` should not have a leading slash.
  //
  // Pass additional HTTP headers in `hdrs`. For example:
  //
  //   "HeaderName: header value"
  //
  // Throw invalid_argument if unable to parse the response headers,
  // invalid_json_input (derived from invalid_argument) if unable to parse the
  // response body, and system_error in other cases.
  //
  template <typename T>
  static uint16_t
  github_post (T& rs,
               const string& ep,
               const strings& hdrs,
               const string& body = "")
  {
    // Convert the header values to curl header option/value pairs.
    //
    strings hdr_opts;

    for (const string& h: hdrs)
    {
      hdr_opts.push_back ("--header");
      hdr_opts.push_back (h);
    }

    // Run curl.
    //
    try
    {
      // Pass --include to print the HTTP status line (followed by the response
      // headers) so that we can get the response status code.
      //
      // Suppress the --fail option which causes curl to exit with status 22
      // in case of an error HTTP response status code (>= 400) otherwise we
      // can't get the status code.
      //
      // Note that butl::curl also adds --location to make curl follow redirects
      // (which is recommended by GitHub).
      //
      // The API version `2022-11-28` is the only one currently supported. If
      // the X-GitHub-Api-Version header is not passed this version will be
      // chosen by default.
      //
      fdpipe errp (fdopen_pipe ()); // stderr pipe.

      curl c (path ("-"), // Read input from curl::out.
              path ("-"), // Write response to curl::in.
              process::pipe (errp.in.get (), move (errp.out)),
              curl::post,
              curl::flags::no_fail,
              "https://api.github.com/" + ep,
              "--no-fail", // Don't fail if response status code >= 400.
              "--include", // Output response headers for status code.
              "--header", "Accept: application/vnd.github+json",
              "--header", "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28",
              move (hdr_opts));

      ifdstream err (move (errp.in));

      // Parse the HTTP response.
      //
      int sc; // Status code.
      try
      {
        // Note: re-open in/out so that they get automatically closed on
        // exception.
        //
        ifdstream in (c.in.release (), fdstream_mode::skip);
        ofdstream out (c.out.release ());

        // Write request body to out.
        //
        if (!body.empty ())
          out << body;
        out.close ();

        sc = curl::read_http_status (in).code; // May throw invalid_argument.

        // Parse the response body if the status code is in the 200 range.
        //
        if (sc >= 200 && sc < 300)
        {
          // Use endpoint name as input name (useful to have it propagated
          // in exceptions).
          //
          json::parser p (in, ep /* name */);
          rs = T (p);
        }

        in.close ();
      }
      catch (const io_error& e)
      {
        // If the process exits with non-zero status, assume the IO error is due
        // to that and fall through.
        //
        if (c.wait ())
        {
          throw_generic_error (
            e.code ().value (),
            (string ("unable to read curl stdout: ") + e.what ()).c_str ());
        }
      }
      catch (const json::invalid_json_input&)
      {
        // If the process exits with non-zero status, assume the JSON error is
        // due to that and fall through.
        //
        if (c.wait ())
          throw;
      }

      if (!c.wait ())
      {
        string et (err.read_text ());
        throw_generic_error (EINVAL,
                             ("non-zero curl exit status: " + et).c_str ());
      }

      err.close ();

      return sc;
    }
    catch (const process_error& e)
    {
      throw_generic_error (
        e.code ().value (),
        (string ("unable to execute curl:") + e.what ()).c_str ());
    }
    catch (const io_error& e)
    {
      // Unable to read diagnostics from stderr.
      //
      throw_generic_error (
        e.code ().value (),
        (string ("unable to read curl stderr : ") + e.what ()).c_str ());
    }
  }

  function<optional<string> (const brep::tenant_service&)> brep::ci_github::
  build_queued (const tenant_service& ts,
                const vector<build>& bs,
                optional<build_state> /* initial_state */) const
  {
    HANDLER_DIAG;

    service_data sd (*ts.data);

    // Queue a check_run for each build.
    //
    string rq (graphql_request (
        queue_check_runs (sd.repository_id, sd.head_sha, bs)));

    // Response type which parses a GraphQL response containing multiple
    // check_run objects.
    //
    struct resp
    {
      vector<check_run> check_runs; // Received check runs.

      resp (json::parser& p) : check_runs (parse_check_runs_response (p)) {}

      resp () = default;
    } rs;

    try
    {
      uint16_t sc (github_post (
          rs,
          "graphql", // API Endpoint.
          strings {"Authorization: Bearer " + sd.installation_access_token},
          move (rq)));

      if (sc != 200)
      {
        fail << "failed to queue check runs: "
             << "error HTTP response status " << sc;
      }
    }
    catch (const json::invalid_json_input& e)
    {
      // Note: e.name is the GitHub API endpoint.
      //
      fail << "malformed JSON in response from " << e.name << ", line: "
           << e.line << ", column: " << e.column << ", byte offset: "
           << e.position << ", error: " << e;
    }
    catch (const invalid_argument& e)
    {
      fail << "malformed header(s) in response: " << e;
    }
    catch (const system_error& e)
    {
      fail << "unable to queue check runs (errno=" << e.code ()
           << "): " << e.what ();
    }
    catch (const runtime_error& e) // From parse_check_runs_response().
    {
      // GitHub response contained error(s) (could be ours or theirs at this
      // point).
      //
      fail << "unable to queue check runs: " << e;
    }

    if (rs.check_runs.size () != bs.size ())
      fail << "unexpected number of check_run objects in response";

    // Validate the check runs in the response against the builds.
    //
    for (size_t i (0); i != rs.check_runs.size (); ++i)
    {
      const build& b (bs[i]);
      const check_run& cr (rs.check_runs[i]);

      if (cr.name != check_run_name (b))
        fail << "unexpected check_run name: '" + cr.name + '\'';
      else if (cr.status != "QUEUED")
        fail << "unexpected check_run status: '" + cr.status + '\'';

      cout << "<check_run>" << endl << cr << endl;
    }

    return nullptr;
  }

  function<optional<string> (const brep::tenant_service&)> brep::ci_github::
  build_building (const tenant_service&, const build&) const
  {
    // return [&b] (const tenant_service& ts)
    // {
    //   string s ("building "                       +
    //             b.package_name.string () + '/'    +
    //             b.package_version.string () + '/' +
    //             b.target.string () + '/'          +
    //             b.target_config_name + '/'        +
    //             b.package_config_name + '/'       +
    //             b.toolchain_name + '/'            +
    //             b.toolchain_version.string ());

    //   return ts.data ? *ts.data + ", " + s : s;
    // };

    return nullptr;
  }

  function<optional<string> (const brep::tenant_service&)> brep::ci_github::
  build_built (const tenant_service&, const build&) const
  {
    // return [&b] (const tenant_service& ts)
    // {
    //   string s ("built "                          +
    //             b.package_name.string () + '/'    +
    //             b.package_version.string () + '/' +
    //             b.target.string () + '/'          +
    //             b.target_config_name + '/'        +
    //             b.package_config_name + '/'       +
    //             b.toolchain_name + '/'            +
    //             b.toolchain_version.string ());

    //   return ts.data ? *ts.data + ", " + s : s;
    // };

    return nullptr;
  }

  string ci_github::
  generate_jwt () const
  {
    string jwt;
    try
    {
      // Set token's "issued at" time 60 seconds in the past to combat clock
      // drift (as recommended by GitHub).
      //
      jwt = brep::generate_jwt (
          *options_,
          options_->ci_github_app_private_key (),
          to_string (options_->ci_github_app_id ()),
          chrono::seconds (options_->ci_github_jwt_validity_period ()),
          chrono::seconds (60));

      cout << "JWT: " << jwt << endl;
    }
    catch (const system_error& e)
    {
      HANDLER_DIAG;

      fail << "unable to generate JWT (errno=" << e.code () << "): " << e;
    }

    return jwt;
  }

  // There are three types of GitHub API authentication:
  //
  //   1) Authenticating as an app. Used to access parts of the API concerning
  //      the app itself such as getting the list of installations. (Need to
  //      authenticate as an app as part of authenticating as an app
  //      installation.)
  //
  //   2) Authenticating as an app installation (on a user or organisation
  //      account). Used to access resources belonging to the user/repository
  //      or organisation the app is installed in.
  //
  //   3) Authenticating as a user. Used to perform actions as the user.
  //
  // We need to authenticate as an app installation (2).
  //
  // How to authenticate as an app installation
  //
  // Reference:
  // https://docs.github.com/en/apps/creating-github-apps/authenticating-with-a-github-app/authenticating-as-a-github-app-installation
  //
  // The final authentication token we need is an installation access token
  // (IAT), valid for one hour, which we will pass in the `Authentication`
  // header of our Github API requests:
  //
  //   Authorization: Bearer <INSTALLATION_ACCESS_TOKEN>
  //
  // To generate an IAT:
  //
  // - Generate a JSON Web Token (JWT)
  //
  // - Get the installation ID. This will be included in the webhook request
  //   in our case
  //
  // - Send a POST to /app/installations/<INSTALLATION_ID>/access_tokens which
  //   includes the JWT (`Authorization: Bearer <JWT>`). The response will
  //   include the IAT. Can pass the name of the repository included in the
  //   webhook request to restrict access, otherwise we get access to all
  //   repos covered by the installation if installed on an organisation for
  //   example.
  //
  installation_access_token ci_github::
  obtain_installation_access_token (uint64_t iid, string jwt) const
  {
    HANDLER_DIAG;

    installation_access_token iat;
    try
    {
      // API endpoint.
      //
      string ep ("app/installations/" + to_string (iid) + "/access_tokens");

      int sc (github_post (iat, ep, strings {"Authorization: Bearer " + jwt}));

      // Possible response status codes from the access_tokens endpoint:
      //
      // 201 Created
      // 401 Requires authentication
      // 403 Forbidden
      // 404 Resource not found
      // 422 Validation failed, or the endpoint has been spammed.
      //
      // Note that the payloads of non-201 status codes are undocumented.
      //
      if (sc != 201)
      {
        fail << "unable to get installation access token: "
             << "error HTTP response status " << sc;
      }
    }
    catch (const json::invalid_json_input& e)
    {
      // Note: e.name is the GitHub API endpoint.
      //
      fail << "malformed JSON in response from " << e.name << ", line: "
           << e.line << ", column: " << e.column << ", byte offset: "
           << e.position << ", error: " << e;
    }
    catch (const invalid_argument& e)
    {
      fail << "malformed header(s) in response: " << e;
    }
    catch (const system_error& e)
    {
      fail << "unable to get installation access token (errno=" << e.code ()
           << "): " << e.what ();
    }

    return iat;
  }

  using event = json::event;

  service_data::
  service_data (const string& json)
  {
    json::parser p (json.data (), json.size (), "service_data");

    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);
    installation_access_token = p.next_expect_member_string ("iat");
    repository_id = p.next_expect_member_string ("rid");
    head_sha = p.next_expect_member_string ("hs");
    p.next_expect (event::end_object);
  }

  string service_data::
  json (const string& iat, const string& rid, const string& hs)
  {
    string b;
    json::buffer_serializer s (b);

    s.begin_object ();
    s.member ("iat", iat);
    s.member ("rid", rid);
    s.member ("hs", hs);
    s.end_object ();

    return b;
  }

  // The rest is GitHub request/response type parsing and printing.
  //

  // Throw invalid_json_input when a required member `m` is missing from a
  // JSON object `o`.
  //
  [[noreturn]] static void
  missing_member (const json::parser& p, const char* o, const char* m)
  {
    throw json::invalid_json_input (
      p.input_name,
      p.line (), p.column (), p.position (),
      o + string (" object is missing member '") + m + '\'');
  }

  // check_suite
  //
  gh::check_suite::
  check_suite (json::parser& p)
  {
    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

    bool i (false), hb (false), hs (false), bf (false), at (false);

    // Skip unknown/uninteresting members.
    //
    while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
    {
      auto c = [&p] (bool& v, const char* s)
      {
        return p.name () == s ? (v = true) : false;
      };

      if      (c (i,  "id"))          id = p.next_expect_number<uint64_t> ();
      else if (c (hb, "head_branch")) head_branch = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (hs, "head_sha"))    head_sha = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (bf, "before"))      before = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (at, "after"))       after = p.next_expect_string ();
      else p.next_expect_value_skip ();
    }

    if (!i)  missing_member (p, "check_suite", "id");
    if (!hb) missing_member (p, "check_suite", "head_branch");
    if (!hs) missing_member (p, "check_suite", "head_sha");
    if (!bf) missing_member (p, "check_suite", "before");
    if (!at) missing_member (p, "check_suite", "after");
  }

  ostream&
  gh::operator<< (ostream& os, const check_suite& cs)
  {
    os << "id: " << cs.id << endl
       << "head_branch: " << cs.head_branch << endl
       << "head_sha: " << cs.head_sha << endl
       << "before: " << cs.before << endl
       << "after: " << cs.after << endl;

    return os;
  }

  // check_run
  //
  gh::check_run::
  check_run (json::parser& p)
  {
    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

    bool ni (false), nm (false), st (false);

    while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
    {
      auto c = [&p] (bool& v, const char* s)
      {
        return p.name () == s ? (v = true) : false;
      };

      if      (c (ni, "id"))     node_id = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (nm, "name"))   name = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (st, "status")) status = p.next_expect_string ();
    }

    if (!ni) missing_member (p, "check_run", "id");
    if (!nm) missing_member (p, "check_run", "name");
    if (!st) missing_member (p, "check_run", "status");
  }

  ostream&
  gh::operator<< (ostream& os, const check_run& cr)
  {
    os << "id: " << cr.node_id << endl
       << "name: " << cr.name << endl
       << "status: " << cr.status << endl;

    return os;
  }

  // repository
  //
  gh::repository::
  repository (json::parser& p)
  {
    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

    bool ni (false), nm (false), fn (false), db (false), cu (false);

    // Skip unknown/uninteresting members.
    //
    while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
    {
      auto c = [&p] (bool& v, const char* s)
      {
        return p.name () == s ? (v = true) : false;
      };

      if      (c (ni, "node_id"))        node_id = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (nm, "name"))           name = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (fn, "full_name"))      full_name = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (db, "default_branch")) default_branch = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (cu, "clone_url"))      clone_url = p.next_expect_string ();
      else p.next_expect_value_skip ();
    }

    if (!ni) missing_member (p, "repository", "node_id");
    if (!nm) missing_member (p, "repository", "name");
    if (!fn) missing_member (p, "repository", "full_name");
    if (!db) missing_member (p, "repository", "default_branch");
    if (!cu) missing_member (p, "repository", "clone_url");
  }

  ostream&
  gh::operator<< (ostream& os, const repository& rep)
  {
    os << "node_id: " << rep.node_id << endl
       << "name: " << rep.name << endl
       << "full_name: " << rep.full_name << endl
       << "default_branch: " << rep.default_branch << endl
       << "clone_url: " << rep.clone_url << endl;

    return os;
  }

  // installation
  //
  gh::installation::
  installation (json::parser& p)
  {
    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

    bool i (false);

    // Skip unknown/uninteresting members.
    //
    while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
    {
      auto c = [&p] (bool& v, const char* s)
      {
        return p.name () == s ? (v = true) : false;
      };

      if (c (i, "id")) id = p.next_expect_number<uint64_t> ();
      else p.next_expect_value_skip ();
    }

    if (!i) missing_member (p, "installation", "id");
  }

  ostream&
  gh::operator<< (ostream& os, const installation& i)
  {
    os << "id: " << i.id << endl;

    return os;
  }

  // check_suite_event
  //
  gh::check_suite_event::
  check_suite_event (json::parser& p)
  {
    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

    bool ac (false), cs (false), rp (false), in (false);

    // Skip unknown/uninteresting members.
    //
    while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
    {
      auto c = [&p] (bool& v, const char* s)
      {
        return p.name () == s ? (v = true) : false;
      };

      if      (c (ac, "action"))       action = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (cs, "check_suite"))  check_suite = gh::check_suite (p);
      else if (c (rp, "repository"))   repository = gh::repository (p);
      else if (c (in, "installation")) installation = gh::installation (p);
      else p.next_expect_value_skip ();
    }

    if (!ac) missing_member (p, "check_suite_event", "action");
    if (!cs) missing_member (p, "check_suite_event", "check_suite");
    if (!rp) missing_member (p, "check_suite_event", "repository");
    if (!in) missing_member (p, "check_suite_event", "installation");
  }

  ostream&
  gh::operator<< (ostream& os, const check_suite_event& cs)
  {
    os << "action: " << cs.action << endl;
    os << "<check_suite>" << endl << cs.check_suite;
    os << "<repository>" << endl << cs.repository;
    os << "<installation>" << endl << cs.installation;

    return os;
  }

  // installation_access_token
  //
  // Example JSON:
  //
  // {
  //   "token": "ghs_Py7TPcsmsITeVCAWeVtD8RQs8eSos71O5Nzp",
  //   "expires_at": "2024-02-15T16:16:38Z",
  //   ...
  // }
  //
  gh::installation_access_token::
  installation_access_token (json::parser& p)
  {
    p.next_expect (event::begin_object);

    bool tk (false), ea (false);

    // Skip unknown/uninteresting members.
    //
    while (p.next_expect (event::name, event::end_object))
    {
      auto c = [&p] (bool& v, const char* s)
      {
        return p.name () == s ? (v = true) : false;
      };

      if      (c (tk, "token"))      token = p.next_expect_string ();
      else if (c (ea, "expires_at"))
      {
        const string& s (p.next_expect_string ());
        expires_at = from_string (s.c_str (), "%Y-%m-%dT%TZ", false /* local */);
      }
      else p.next_expect_value_skip ();
    }

    if (!tk) missing_member (p, "installation_access_token", "token");
    if (!ea) missing_member (p, "installation_access_token", "expires_at");
  }

  ostream&
  gh::operator<< (ostream& os, const installation_access_token& t)
  {
    os << "token: " << t.token << endl;
    os << "expires_at: ";
    butl::operator<< (os, t.expires_at) << endl;

    return os;
  }
}