path: root/doc/intro.cli

// file      : doc/intro.cli
// copyright : Copyright (c) 2014-2016 Code Synthesis Ltd
// license   : MIT; see accompanying LICENSE file

"\name=build2-toolchain-intro"
"\subject=toolchain"
"\title=Toolchain Introduction"

// TODO
//
// @@ refs to further docs
//
// STYLE
//
// @@ section boundary page breaks (<hr class="page-break"/>)
// @@ when printed, code background is gone, but spaces still there
//
// PDF
//
// @@ tree output is garbled
// @@ Install list margins missing
// @@ Could we use a nicer font, seeing that we embed them?
//

// NOTES
//
// - Maximum <pre> line is 70 characters.
//

"
\h#tldr|TL;DR|

\
$ bpkg create -d hello cxx
created new configuration in hello/

$ cd hello/
$ bpkg add https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable
added repository build2.org/hello/stable

$ bpkg fetch
fetching build2.org/hello/stable
3 package(s) in 1 repository(s)

$ bpkg build hello
build libhello 1.0.1 (required by hello)
build hello 1.0.0
continue? [Y/n] y
libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz        100% of 1489  B  983 kBps 00m01s
fetched libhello 1.0.1
unpacked libhello 1.0.1
hello-1.0.0.tar.gz           100% of 1030  B 6882 kBps 00m01s
fetched hello 1.0.0
unpacked hello 1.0.0
configured libhello 1.0.1
configured hello 1.0.0
c++ hello-1.0.0/cxx{hello}
c++ libhello-1.0.1/hello/cxx{hello}
ld libhello-1.0.1/hello/libso{hello}
ld hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated hello 1.0.0
\
"

"
\h#warning|Warning|

The \c{build2} toolchain \c{0.x.y} series are alpha releases. Interfaces
\i{will} change in backwards-incompatible ways, guaranteed. Currently, it is
more of a technology preview rather than anything final. But if you want to
start playing with it, welcome and join the \l{https://lists.build2.org
mailing list}!

Our approach to developing \c{build2} is to first get the hard parts right
before focusing on completeness. So while we might still be extracting header
dependencies on every run (no caching yet) they do play well with
auto-generated source code. In other words, we go depth rather than
breadth-first. As a result, there are plenty of limitations and missing pieces,
especially in the build system. The most notable ones are:

\ul|

\li|Limited documentation.|

\li|No C compiler rules.|

\li|No support for Windows/VC++.|

\li|No support for parallel builds.|

\li|No support for custom build system rules/modules.|

|
"

"
\h#intro|Introduction|

The \c{build2} toolchain is a set of tools designed for building and packaging
C++ code (though, if it can handle C++ it can handle anything, right?). The
toolchain currently includes the \i{build system} (\c{build2}), the \i{package
manager} (\c{bpkg}), and the \i{repository web interface} (\c{brep}). More
tools, such as the \i{build robot} (\c{bbot}), are in the works. Then there is
\l{https://cppget.org/ cppget.org} which we hope will become \i{the C++
package repository}.

The goal of this document is to give you a basic idea of what the \c{build2}
toolchain can do so that you can decide if you are interested and want to learn
more. Further documentation is referenced at the end of this introduction.

The \c{build2} toolchain is self-hosted and self-packaged (and, yes, it is on
\l{https://cppget.org/ cppget.org}). It could then serve as its own example.
However, before the toolchain can unpack and build itself, we have to bootstrap
it (that chicken and egg problem again) and this step wouldn't serve our goal
of quickly learning what \c{build2} is about. So, instead, we will start with a
customary \i{\"Hello, World!\"} example which you won't yet be able to try
yourself (but don't worry, complete terminal output will be shown). If at the
end you find \c{build2} appealing, the following section jumps right into
bootstrapping and installation (and, yes, you get to run that coveted \c{bpkg
build bpkg}). Once the \c{build2} installation is complete, you can come back
to the \i{\"Hello, World!\"} example and try all of the steps for yourself.

This introduction explores the \i{consumer} side of \i{\"Hello, World!\"}.
That is, we assume that someone was kind enough to create and package the
\c{libhello} library and the \c{hello} program and we will learn how to obtain
and build them as well as keep up with their updates. And so, without further
ado, let's begin.

The first step in using \c{bpkg} is to create a \i{configuration}. A
configuration is a directory where packages that require similar compile
settings will be built. You can create as many configurations as you want: for
different C++ compilers, debug/release, 32/64-bit, or even for different days
of the week, if you are so inclined. Say we are in the mood for a GCC 5
release build today:

\
$ mkdir hello-gcc5-release
$ cd hello-gcc5-release
$ bpkg create cxx config.cxx=g++-5 config.cxx.coptions=-O3
created new configuration in /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/
\

Let's discuss that last command line: \l{bpkg-cfg-create(1) \c{bpkg create}} is
the command for creating a new configuration. As a side note, if you ever want
to get help for any \c{bpkg} command, run \c{bpkg help <command>}. To see the
list of commands, run just \l{bpkg-help(1) \c{bpkg help}} (or see
\l{bpkg(1)}). While we are at it, if you ever want to see what \c{bpkg} is
running underneath, there is the \c{-v} option. And if you really want to get
under the hood, use \l{bpkg-common-options(1) \c{--verbose <level>}}.

After the command we have \c{cxx} which is the name of the \c{build2} build
system module. As you might have guessed, \c{cxx} provides support for the C++
compilation. By specifying this module during the configuration creation we
configure it (yes, with those \c{config.cxx...} variables that follow) for the
entire configuration. That is, every package that we will build in this
configuration and that uses the \c{cxx} module will by default inherit these
settings.

The rest of the command line are the configuration variables for the \c{cxx}
module with \c{coptions} standing for \i{compile options} (there are also
\c{poptions} for \i{preprocess options}, \c{loptions} for \i{link options}, and
\c{libs} for extra libraries to link).

Ok, configuration in hand, where can we get some packages? \c{bpkg} packages
come from \i{repositories}. A repository can be a local filesystem directory
or a remote URL. Our example packages come from their own remote \i{\"Hello,
World!\"} repository: \c{\l{https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable/}} (go ahead,
browse it, I will wait).

Instead of scouring repository manifests by hand (I know you couldn't resist),
we can ask \c{bpkg} to interrogate a repository location for us:

\
$ bpkg rep-info https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable
build2.org/hello/stable https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable
hello 1.0.0
libhello 1.0.0+1
libhello 1.0.1
\

Or we could use the repository's web interface (implemented by \c{brep}). Our
repository has one, check it out: \c{\l{https://build2.org/pkg/hello/}}.

Ok, back to the command line. If we want to use a repository as a source of
packages in our configuration, we have to first add it:

\
$ bpkg add https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable
added repository build2.org/hello/stable
\

If we want to add several repositories, we just execute the \l{bpkg-cfg-add(1)
\c{bpkg add}} command for each of them. Once this is done, we fetch the list of
available packages for all the added repositories:

\
$ bpkg fetch
fetching build2.org/hello/stable
3 package(s) in 1 repository(s)
\

You would normally re-run the \l{bpkg-cfg-fetch(1) \c{bpkg fetch}} command
after you've added another repository or to refresh the list of available
packages.

Now that \c{bpkg} knows where to get packages, we can finally get down to
business:

\
$ bpkg build hello
build libhello 1.0.1 (required by hello)
build hello 1.0.0
continue? [Y/n]
\

Let's see what's going on here. We ran \l{bpkg-pkg-build(1) \c{bpkg build}} to
build the \c{hello} program which happens to depend on the \c{libhello}
library. So \c{bpkg} presents us with a \i{plan of action}, that is, the steps
it will have to perform in order to build us \c{hello} and then asks us to
confirm that's what we want to do (you can add \c{--yes|-y} to skip the
confirmation). Let's answer \i{yes} and see what happens:

\
...
continue? [Y/n] y
libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz        100% of 1489  B 1364 kBps 00m01s
fetched libhello 1.0.1
unpacked libhello 1.0.1
hello-1.0.0.tar.gz           100% of 1030  B   20 MBps 00m01s
fetched hello 1.0.0
unpacked hello 1.0.0
configured libhello 1.0.1
configured hello 1.0.0
c++ hello-1.0.0/cxx{hello}
c++ libhello-1.0.1/hello/cxx{hello}
ld libhello-1.0.1/hello/libso{hello}
ld hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated hello 1.0.0
\

While the output is mostly self-explanatory, in short, \c{bpkg} downloaded,
unpacked, and configured both packages and then proceeded to building the
\c{hello} executable which happens to require building of the \c{libhello}
library. Note that the download progress may look differently on your machine
depending on which \i{fetch tool} (\c{wget}, \c{curl}, or \c{fetch}) is
used. If you ever considered giving that \c{-v} option a try, now would be a
good time. But let's first drop (\l{bpkg-pkg-build(1) \c{bpkg drop}}) the
\c{hello} package so that we get the same build from scratch:

\
$ bpkg drop hello
following prerequisite packages were automatically built and will no longer be necessary:
  libhello
drop prerequisite packages? [Y/n] y
drop hello
drop libhello
continue? [Y/n] y
disfigured hello
disfigured libhello
purged hello
purged libhello
\

Ok, ready for some \c{-v} details? Feel free to skip the following listing
if not interested.

\
$ bpkg build -v -y hello
fetching libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz from build2.org/hello/stable
curl ... https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable/libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz
  % Total    % Received Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                        Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  1489  100  1489      1121      0  0:00:01  0:00:01 --:--:--  1122
fetched libhello 1.0.1
tar -xf libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz
unpacked libhello 1.0.1
fetching hello-1.0.0.tar.gz from build2.org/hello/stable
curl ... https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable/hello-1.0.0.tar.gz
  % Total    % Received Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                        Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  1030  100  1030      773      0  0:00:01  0:00:01 --:--:--   772
fetched hello 1.0.0
tar -xf hello-1.0.0.tar.gz
unpacked hello 1.0.0
b -v configure(./libhello-1.0.1/)
config::save libhello-1.0.1/build/config.build
configured libhello 1.0.1
b -v configure(./hello-1.0.0/)
config::save hello-1.0.0/build/config.build
configured hello 1.0.0
hold package hello
b -v update(./hello-1.0.0/)
g++-5 -Ilibhello-1.0.1 -O3 -std=c++11 -o hello-1.0.0/hello.o -c hello-1.0.0/hello.cxx
g++-5 -Ilibhello-1.0.1 -O3 -std=c++11 -fPIC -o libhello-1.0.1/hello/hello-so.o -c libhello-1.0.1/hello/hello.cxx
g++-5 -O3 -std=c++11 -shared -o libhello-1.0.1/hello/libhello.so
g++-5 -O3 -std=c++11 -o hello-1.0.0/hello hello-1.0.0/hello.o libhello-1.0.1/hello/libhello.so
updated hello 1.0.0
\

Another handy command is \l{bpkg-pkg-status(1) \c{bpkg status}}. It can be used
to examine the state of a package in the configuration. Here are a few examples
(if you absolutely must know what \c{hold_package} means, check the
command's documentation):

\
$ bpkg status libhello
configured 1.0.1

$ bpkg status hello
configured 1.0.0 hold_package

$ bpkg drop -y hello
disfigured hello
disfigured libhello
purged hello
purged libhello

$ bpkg status hello
available 1.0.0

$ bpkg status libfoobar
unknown
\

Let's say we got wind of a new development: the \c{libhello} author released a
new version of the library. It is such an advance in the state of the
\i{\"Hello, World!\"} art, it's only currently available from \c{testing}. Of
course, we must check it out.

Now, what exactly is \c{testing}? You must have noticed that the repository
location that we've been using so far ended with \c{/stable}. Quite often it is
useful to split our repository into sub-repositories or \i{sections}. For
example, to reflect the maturity of packages (say, \c{stable} and \c{testing},
as in our case) or to divide them into sub-categories (\c{misc} and \c{math})
or even some combination (\c{math/testing}). Note, however, that to \c{bpkg}
these sub-repositories or \i{sections} are just normal repositories and there
is nothing special about them.

We are impatient to try the new version so we will skip interrogating the
repository with \c{rep-info} and just add it to our configuration. After all,
we can always check with \c{status} if any upgrades are available for packages
we are interested in. Here we assume the configuration has \c{hello} built (run
\c{bpkg build -y hello} to get to that state).

\
$ bpkg add https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/testing
added repository build2.org/hello/testing

$ bpkg fetch
fetching build2.org/hello/stable
fetching build2.org/hello/testing
7 package(s) in 2 repository(s)

$ bpkg status libhello
configured 1.0.1; available 1.1.1 1.1.0
\

Ok, \c{libhello 1.1.x} is now available. How do we upgrade? We can try to
build \c{hello} again:

\
$ bpkg build -y hello
info: dir{hello-1.0.0/} is up to date
updated hello 1.0.0
\

Nothing happens. That's because \c{bpkg} will only upgrade (or downgrade) to a
new version if we explicitly ask it to. As it is now, all dependencies for
\c{hello} are satisfied and \c{bpkg} is happy to twiddle its thumbs. Let's tell
\c{bpkg} to build us \c{libhello} instead:

\
$ bpkg build libhello
build libformat 1.0.0 (required by libhello)
build libprint 1.0.0 (required by libhello)
upgrade libhello 1.1.1
reconfigure hello (required by libhello)
continue? [Y/n]
\

Ok, now we are getting somewhere. It looks like the new version of \c{libhello}
went really enterprise-grade (or is it called web-scale these days?). There are
now two new dependencies (\c{libformat} and \c{libprint}) that we will have to
build in order to upgrade. Maybe we should answer \i{no} here?

Notice also that \c{reconfigure hello} line. If you think about this, it makes
sense: we are getting a new version of \c{libhello} and \c{hello} depends on it
so it might need a chance to make some adjustments to its configuration.

Let's answer \i{yes} if only to see what happens:

\
...
continue? [Y/n] y
disfigured hello 1.0.0
disfigured libhello 1.0.1
libformat-1.0.0.tar.gz       100% of 1064  B   11 MBps 00m01s
fetched libformat 1.0.0
unpacked libformat 1.0.0
libprint-1.0.0.tar.gz        100% of 1040  B    9 MBps 00m01s
fetched libprint 1.0.0
unpacked libprint 1.0.0
libhello-1.1.1.tar.gz        100% of 1564  B 4672 kBps 00m01s
fetched libhello 1.1.1
unpacked libhello 1.1.1
configured libformat 1.0.0
configured libprint 1.0.0
configured libhello 1.1.1
configured hello 1.0.0
c++ libhello-1.1.1/hello/cxx{hello}
c++ libformat-1.0.0/format/cxx{format}
ld libformat-1.0.0/format/liba{format}
c++ libprint-1.0.0/print/cxx{print}
ld libprint-1.0.0/print/liba{print}
ld libhello-1.1.1/hello/liba{hello}
c++ libhello-1.1.1/hello/cxx{hello}
c++ libformat-1.0.0/format/cxx{format}
ld libformat-1.0.0/format/libso{format}
c++ libprint-1.0.0/print/cxx{print}
ld libprint-1.0.0/print/libso{print}
ld libhello-1.1.1/hello/libso{hello}
c++ libhello-1.1.1/tests/test/cxx{driver}
ld libhello-1.1.1/tests/test/exe{driver}
updated libhello 1.1.1
\

If you paid really close attention, you might have noticed something
surprising: the \c{hello} package wasn't \i{updated}. Yes, it was reconfigured,
but we didn't see any compile or link commands for this project. In fact,
\c{hello} is now pretty \i{out-of-date}.

While it may sound surprising, \c{bpkg} doesn't try to keep your packages
\i{up-to-date}. Configured \- yes, but not up-to-date. Trying to guarantee
up-to-date-ness of packages is in the end futile. For example, if you upgrade
your compiler or system headers, \c{bpkg} has no way of realizing that some
packages are now out-of-date. Only the build system, which has the complete
information about all the dependencies, can make such a realization (and
correct it).

But it is easy to make sure a package is up-to-date at any given time with the
\l{bpkg-pkg-update(1) \c{bpkg update}} command (there is also
\l{bpkg-pkg-clean(1) \c{bpkg clean}}), for example:

\
$ bpkg update hello
c++ hello-1.0.0/cxx{hello.cxx}
ld hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated hello 1.0.0
\

Let's say we really don't like the direction \c{libhello} is going and would
rather stick to version \c{1.0.0}. Just like upgrades, downgrades are
explicit plus, in this case, we need to specify the version (you
can also specify desired version for upgrades, in case you are wondering).

\
$ bpkg build libhello/1.0.1 hello
downgrade libhello 1.0.1
reconfigure/build hello 1.0.0
continue? [Y/n] y
disfigured hello 1.0.0
disfigured libhello 1.1.1
libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz        100% of 1489  B  983 kBps 00m01s
fetched libhello 1.0.1
unpacked libhello 1.0.1
configured libhello 1.0.1
configured hello 1.0.0
following prerequisite packages were automatically built and will no longer be necessary:
  libprint
  libformat
drop prerequisite packages? [Y/n] y
disfigured libprint
disfigured libformat
purged libprint
purged libformat
c++ libhello-1.0.1/hello/cxx{hello}
ld libhello-1.0.1/hello/liba{hello}
c++ libhello-1.0.1/hello/cxx{hello}
ld libhello-1.0.1/hello/libso{hello}
c++ libhello-1.0.1/tests/test/cxx{driver}
ld libhello-1.0.1/tests/test/exe{driver}
c++ hello-1.0.0/cxx{hello}
ld hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated libhello 1.0.1
updated hello 1.0.0
\

Notice how this time we updated \c{hello} as part of the \c{libhello} downgrade
\- yes, you can do that. Perhaps there should be an option to automatically
update all the dependents? Also, \c{bpkg} helpfully offered to get rid of
\c{libprint} and \c{libformat} which we won't be needing anymore.

Ok, so all this might look nice and all, but we haven't actually seen anything
of what we've presumably built (it can all be a charade, for all we know). Can
we see some libraries and run the \c{hello} program?

There are several ways we can do this. If the package provides tests (as all
good packages should), we can run them with the \l{bpkg-pkg-test(1) \c{bpkg
test}} command:

\
$ bpkg test libhello hello
test libhello-1.0.1/tests/test/exe{driver}
test hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
tested libhello 1.0.1
tested hello 1.0.0
\

But that doesn't quite count for seeing libraries and running programs. Well,
if you insist, let's see what's inside \c{hello-gcc5-release/}. The \c{bpkg}
configuration (this \c{hello-gcc5-release/} directory) is, in the \c{build2}
build system terms, an \i{amalgamation} \- a project that contains
\i{subprojects}. Not surprisingly, the subprojects in this amalgamation are the
packages that we've built:

\
$ ls -1F
build/
hello-1.0.0/
libhello-1.0.1/
bpkg.sqlite3
buildfile
hello-1.0.0.tar.gz
libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz
\

And if we look inside \c{hello-1.0.0/} we will see what looks like the
\c{hello} program:

\
$ ls -1F hello-1.0.0/
build/
buildfile
hello*
hello.d
hello.cxx
hello.o
hello.o.d
manifest
test.out
version

$ hello-1.0.0/hello
usage: hello <name>...

$ hello-1.0.0/hello World
Hello, World!
\

The important point here is this: the \c{bpkg} configuration is not some black
box that you should never look inside. On the contrary, it is a normal building
block of the build system and if you understand what you are doing, feel free
to muck around. Now, confess, did you run \c{sqlite3 bpkg.sqlite3 .dump}?

Another way to get hold of a package's goodies is to install it with
\l{bpkg-pkg-install(1) \c{bpkg install}}. Let's try that:

\
$ bpkg install config.install.root=/opt/hello \
config.install.root.sudo=sudo hello

install /opt/hello/
install /opt/hello/include/hello/
install libhello-1.0.1/hello/hxx{hello}
install /opt/hello/lib/
install libhello-1.0.1/hello/libso{hello}
install /opt/hello/bin/
install hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
install /opt/hello/share/doc/hello/
install hello-1.0.0/doc{version}
installed hello 1.0.0

$ tree -F /opt/hello/
/opt/hello/
├── bin/
│   └── hello*
├── include/
│   └── hello/
│       └── hello
├── lib/
│   └── libhello.so*
└── share/
    └── doc/
        └── hello/
            └── version
\

The \c{config.install.root.sudo} value is the optional \i{sudo}-like program
that should be used to run the \c{install} program. For those feeling queasy
running \c{sudo make install}, here is your answer. If you are wondering
whether you could have specified those \c{config.install.*} values during the
configuration creation, the answer is yes, indeed! Let's try to run the
installed program:

\
$ /opt/hello/bin/hello World
/opt/hello/bin/hello: error while loading shared libraries: libhello.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
\

Not what we hoped to see. The problem is with our installation location: the
runtime linker won't look for \c{libhello.so} in \c{/opt/hello/lib} unless we
somehow tell it to, for example, using \c{LD_LIBRARY_PATH} or equivalent.
There are several way we can resolve this. We could give up on shared
libraries and link our prerequisite libraries statically
(\c{config.bin.exe.lib=static}). Or we could use the \i{rpath} mechanism:

\
$ bpkg install config.install.root=/opt/hello \
config.install.root.sudo=sudo                 \
config.bin.rpath=/opt/hello/lib hello

ld hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
install /opt/hello/
install /opt/hello/include/hello/
install libhello-1.0.1/hello/hxx{hello}
install /opt/hello/lib/
install libhello-1.0.1/hello/libso{hello}
install /opt/hello/bin/
install hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
install /opt/hello/share/doc/hello/
install hello-1.0.0/doc{version}
installed hello 1.0.0

$ /opt/hello/bin/hello World
Hello, World!
\

Notice that \c{ld} line above \- this is where our executable is re-linked
with the \c{-rpath} option.

What if we wanted to use \c{libhello} in our own project? While the installed
version is always an option, it may not be convenient when we develop our code.
We may have multiple builds per project, for example, with GCC and Clang to
catch all the warnings. We may also want to make sure our application works
well with various versions of \c{libhello} (and maybe even with that heinous
\c{1.1.x}). While we can install different configurations into different
directories, it's hard to deny things are getting a bit hairy: multiple
configurations, multiple installations... I guess we will have to get our hands
into that cookie jar, I mean, configuration, again.

In fact, let's just start writing our own version of the \c{hello} program
and see how it goes:

\
$ mkdir hello2
$ cd hello2

$ cat >hello.cpp

#include <hello/hello>

int main ()
{
  hello::say (\"World\");
}

\

What build system will we use? I can't believe you are even asking this
question!

\
$ mkdir build

$ cat >build/bootstrap.build

project = hello2              # project name
using config                  # config module (those config.*)

$ cat >build/root.build

using cxx                     # c++ module
cxx{*}: extension = cpp       # c++ source file extension
cxx.std = 11                  # c++ standard

$ cat >buildfile

import libs = libhello%lib{hello}
exe{hello}: cxx{hello} $libs

\

While some of this might not be crystal clear (like why do we have
\c{bootstrap.build} \i{and} \c{root.build}), I am sure you at least have a
fuzzy idea of what's going on. And that's enough for what we are after here.
Completely explaining what's going on here and, more importantly, why it's
going this way is for another time and place (the \c{build2} build system
manual).

To recap, these are the contents of our project so far:

\
$ tree -F
.
├── build/
│   ├── bootstrap.build
│   └── root.build
├── buildfile
└── hello.cpp
\

Let's try to build it and see what happens \- maybe it will magically work
(\l{b(1)} is the \c{build2} build system driver).

\
$ b config.cxx=g++-5
error: unable to import target libhello%lib{hello}
  info: consider explicitly specifying its project out_root via the config.import.libhello command line variable
info: while applying rule cxx.compile to update obja{hello}
info: while applying rule cxx.link to update exe{hello}
info: while applying rule alias to update dir{./}
\

No magic but we got a hint: looks like we need to tell \c{build2} where
\c{libhello} is using \c{config.import.libhello}. Without fretting too much
about what exactly \c{out_root} means, let's point \c{build2} to our \c{bpkg}
configuration and see what happens. After all, that's where, more or less,
our \i{out} for \c{libhello} is.

\
$ b config.cxx=g++-5 config.import.libhello=/tmp/hello-gcc5-release
c++ cxx{hello}
ld exe{hello}
\

Almost magic. Let's see what we've got:

\
$ tree -F
.
├── build/
│   ├── bootstrap.build
│   └── root.build
├── buildfile
├── hello*
├── hello.d
├── hello.cpp
├── hello.o
└── hello.o.d

$ ./hello
Hello, World!
\

Let's change something in our source code and try to update:

\
$ touch hello.cpp

$ b
error: unable to import target libhello%lib{hello}
  info: consider explicitly specifying its project out_root via the config.import.libhello command line variable
info: while applying rule cxx.compile to update obja{hello}
info: while applying rule cxx.link to update exe{hello}
info: while applying rule alias to update dir{./}
\

Looks like we have to keep repeating those \c{config.*} values and who wants
that? To get rid of this annoyance we have to make our configuration
\i{permanent}. Also, seeing that we plan to have several of them (GCC/Clang,
different version of \c{libhello}), it makes sense to create them \i{out of
source tree}. Let's get to it:

\
$ cd ..
$ mkdir hello2-gcc5-release
$ ls -1F
hello2/
hello2-gcc5-release/

$ b config.cxx=g++-5 config.cxx.coptions=-O3   \
config.import.libhello=/tmp/hello-gcc5-release \
'configure(hello2/@hello2-gcc5-release/)'

mkdir hello2-gcc5-release/build/
mkdir hello2-gcc5-release/build/bootstrap/
save hello2-gcc5-release/build/bootstrap/src-root.build
save hello2-gcc5-release/build/config.build
\

Translated, \c{configure(hello2/@hello2-gcc5-release/)} means \i{\"configure
the \c{hello2/} source directory in the \c{hello2-gcc5-release/} output
directory\"}. In \c{build2} this \i{source directory} is called \c{src_root}
and \i{output directory} \- \c{out_root}. Hm, we've already heard \c{out_root}
mentioned somewhere before...

Once the configuration is saved, we can develop our project without any
annoyance:

\
$ b hello2-gcc5-release/
c++ hello2/cxx{hello}
ld hello2-gcc5-release/exe{hello}

$ cd hello2-gcc5-release/

$ b
info: dir{./} is up to date

$ b clean
rm exe{hello}
rm obja{hello}

$ b -v
g++-5 -I/tmp/hello-gcc5-release/libhello-1.0.1 -O3 -std=c++11 -o hello.o -c ../hello2/hello.cpp
g++-5 -O3 -std=c++11 -o hello hello.o /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/libhello-1.0.1/hello/libhello.so
\

Some of you might have noticed that \c{hello2-gcc5-release/} and
\c{/tmp/hello-gcc5-release/} look awfully similar and are now wondering if we
could instead build \c{hello2} \i{inside} \c{/tmp/hello-gcc5-release/}? I am
glad you've asked. In fact, we can just do:

\
$ cd ..
$ ls -1F
hello2/
hello2-gcc5-release/

$ b 'configure(hello2/@/tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/)'
mkdir -p /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/
mkdir /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/
mkdir /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/bootstrap/
save /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/bootstrap/src-root.build
save /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/config.build

$ b /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/
c++ hello2/cxx{hello}
ld /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/exe{hello}
\

Now that might seem like magic, but it's actually pretty logical. Why don't we
need to specify any of the \c{config.cxx} values this time? Because they are
inherited from those specified for \c{/tmp/hello-gcc5-release} when we created
the configuration with \c{bpkg create}. What about \c{config.import.libhello},
don't we need at least that? Not really \- \c{libhello} will be found
automatically since it is part of the same amalgamation as we now are.

Of course, \c{bpkg} has no idea \c{hello2} is now part of its configuration:

\
$ bpkg status -d /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/ hello2
unknown
\

This is what I meant when I said you can muck around in \c{bpkg}'s back yard as
long as you understand the implications.

But is there a way to make \c{bpkg} aware of our little project? You seem to
really have all the right questions today. Actually, there is a very good
reason why we would want that: if we upgrade \c{libhello} we would want
\c{bpkg} to automatically reconfigure our project. As it is now, we will have
to remember and do it ourselves.

The only way to make \c{bpkg} aware of \c{hello2} is to turn it from merely a
\c{build2} \i{project} into a \c{bpkg} \i{package}. While the topic of
packaging is also for another time and place (the \c{build2} package manager
manual), we can get away with something as simple as this:

\
$ cat >hello2/manifest
: 1
name: hello2
version: 1.0.0
summary: Improved \"Hello World\" program
license: proprietary
url: http://example.org/hello2
email: hello2@example.org
depends: libhello >= 1.0.0
\

For our purposes, the only really important value in this manifest is
\c{depends} since it tells \c{bpkg} which package(s) we need. Let's give it a
try. But first we will clean up our previous attempt at building \c{hello2}
inside \c{/tmp/hello-gcc5-release/}:

\
$ b '{clean disfigure}(/tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/)'
rm /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/exe{hello}
rm /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/obja{hello}
rm /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/config.build
rm /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/bootstrap/src-root.build
rmdir /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/bootstrap/
rmdir /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/build/
rmdir /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2/
\

Next, we use the \l{bpkg-pkg-build(1) \c{bpkg build}} command but instead of
giving it a package name like we did before, we will point it to our \c{hello2}
package directory:

\
$ bpkg build -d /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/ ./hello2/
build hello2 1.0.0
continue? [Y/n] y
unpacked hello2 1.0.0
configured hello2 1.0.0
c++ hello2/cxx{hello}
ld /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated hello2 1.0.0
\

Let's upgrade \c{libhello} and see what happens:

\
$ bpkg build -d /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/ libhello
upgrade libhello 1.1.1
reconfigure hello2 (required by libhello)
continue? [Y/n] y
disfigured hello2 1.0.0
disfigured libhello 1.0.1
unpacked libhello 1.1.1
configured libhello 1.1.1
configured hello2 1.0.0
mkdir fsdir{/tmp/hello-gcc5-release/libhello-1.1.1/hello/}
c++ libhello/hello/cxx{hello}
ld /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/libhello-1.1.1/hello/liba{hello}
c++ libhello/hello/cxx{hello}
ld /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/libhello-1.1.1/hello/libso{hello}
updated libhello 1.1.1
\

As promised, \c{hello2} got reconfigured. We can now update it and give it a
try:

\
$ bpkg update -d /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/ hello2
c++ hello2/cxx{hello}
ld /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated hello2 1.0.0

$ /tmp/hello-gcc5-release/hello2-1.0.0/hello
Hello, World!
\

To finish off, let's see how hard it will be to get a Clang build going:

\
$ cd /tmp
$ mkdir hello-clang36-release
$ cd hello-clang36-release

$ bpkg create cxx config.cxx=clang++-3.6 config.cxx.coptions=-O3
created new configuration in /tmp/hello-clang36-release/

$ bpkg add https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/testing
added repository build2.org/hello/testing

$ bpkg fetch
fetching build2.org/hello/testing
fetching build2.org/hello/stable (complements build2.org/hello/testing)
5 package(s) in 2 repository(s)

$ bpkg build libhello/1.0.0 .../hello2/
build libhello 1.0.1
build hello2 1.0.0
continue? [Y/n] y
libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz        100% of 1489  B  983 kBps 00m01s
fetched libhello 1.0.1
unpacked libhello 1.0.1
unpacked hello2 1.0.0
configured libhello 1.0.1
configured hello2 1.0.0
c++ libhello-1.0.1/hello/cxx{hello}
ld libhello-1.0.1/hello/liba{hello}
c++ libhello-1.0.1/hello/cxx{hello}
ld libhello-1.0.1/hello/libso{hello}
c++ libhello-1.0.1/tests/test/cxx{driver}
ld libhello-1.0.1/tests/test/exe{driver}
c++ ~/work/build2/hello/hello2/cxx{hello}
ld hello2-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated libhello 1.0.1
updated hello2 1.0.0
\

Are you still here? Ok, one last example. This one is for \i{STL} (for those
missing the connection, Stephan T. Lavavej, said, and I am paraphrasing, that
he will never build a shared library and will never use a build system/package
manager more complex than a single makefile; got to respect the man's
convictions).

The Warning section above said there is no Windows support yet. But nobody
said anything about cross-compilers:

\
$ mkdir hello-mingw32
$ cd hello-mingw32

$ bpkg create cxx                   \
config.cxx=x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++   \
config.bin.ar=x86_64-w64-mingw32-ar \
config.bin.lib=static config.cxx.loptions=-static

created new configuration in /tmp/hello-mingw32/

$ bpkg add https://build2.org/pkg/1/hello/stable
added repository build2.org/hello/stable

$ bpkg fetch
fetching build2.org/hello/stable
2 package(s) in 1 repository(s)

$ bpkg build -y hello
bpkg build -y hello
libhello-1.0.1.tar.gz        100% of 1489  B  983 kBps 00m01s
fetched libhello 1.0.1
unpacked libhello 1.0.1
hello-1.0.0.tar.gz           100% of 1030  B 6882 kBps 00m01s
fetched hello 1.0.0
unpacked hello 1.0.0
configured libhello 1.0.1
configured hello 1.0.0
c++ hello-1.0.0/cxx{hello}
c++ libhello-1.0.1/hello/cxx{hello}
ld libhello-1.0.1/hello/libso{hello}
ld hello-1.0.0/exe{hello}
updated hello 1.0.0

$ wine hello-1.0.0/hello.exe Windows
Hello, Windows!
\
"

"
\h#install|Installation|
"
source "../INSTALL.cli";