diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/bash-style.cli')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash-style.cli | 246 |
1 files changed, 223 insertions, 23 deletions
diff --git a/doc/bash-style.cli b/doc/bash-style.cli index ef81af2..1b32b1a 100644 --- a/doc/bash-style.cli +++ b/doc/bash-style.cli @@ -52,9 +52,17 @@ for x in ...; do done \ -For \c{if} use \c{[ ]} for basic tests and \c{[[ ]]} only if the previous form -is not sufficient. Use \c{test} for filesystem tests (presence of files, -etc). Do use \c{elif}. +Do use \c{elif} instead of nested \c{else} and \c{if}. + +For \c{if} use \c{[ ]} for basic tests and \c{[[ ]]} if the previous form is +not sufficient or hairy. In particular, \c{[[ ]]} results in cleaner code +for complex expressions, for example: + +\ +if [[ \"$foo\" && (\"$bar\" || \"$baz\") ]]; then + ... +fi +\ \h1#struct|Structure| @@ -73,7 +81,8 @@ usage=\"usage: $0 <OPTIONS>\" owd=\"$(pwd)\" trap \"{ cd '$owd'; exit 1; }\" ERR -set -o errtrace # Trap in functions. +set -o errtrace # Trap in functions and subshells. +shopt -s lastpipe # Execute last pipeline command in current shell. function info () { echo \"$*\" 1>&2; } function error () { info \"$*\"; exit 1; } @@ -155,7 +164,7 @@ done \ If the value you are expecting from the command line is a directory path, -the always strip the trailing slash (as shown above for the \c{-t} option). +then always strip the trailing slash (as shown above for the \c{-t} option). \h#struct-opt-arg-valid|OPTIONS-ARGUMENTS-VALIDATION| @@ -201,19 +210,18 @@ list=\"$(basename \"$1\")\" \ We also quote values that are \i{strings} as opposed to options/file names, -paths, or integers. If setting a variable that will contain one of these -unquoted values, try to give it a name that reflects its type (e.g., -\c{foo_file} rather than \c{foo_name}). Prefer single quotes for \c{sed} +paths, enum-like values, or integers. Prefer single quotes for \c{sed} scripts, for example: \ -proto=\"https\" -quiet=\"y\" -verbosity=1 -dir=/etc -out=/dev/null -file=manifest -seds='s%^./%%' +url=\"https://example.org\" # String. +quiet=y # Enum-like. +verbosity=1 # Integer. +dir=/etc # Directory path. +out=/dev/null # File path. +file=manifest # File name. +option=--quiet # Option name. +seds='s%^./%%' # sed script. \ Note that quoting will inhibit globbing so you may end up with expansions @@ -279,11 +287,85 @@ echo \"files: ${files[@]}\" # $1='files: one', $2='2 two', $3='three' echo \"files: ${files[*]}\" # $1='files: one 2 two three' \ -\h1#trap|Trap| +\h1#subshell|Subshell| + +Bush executes certain constructs in \i{subshells} and some of these constructs +may not be obvious: + +\ul| + +\li|Explicit subshell: \c{(...)}| + +\li|Pipeline: \c{...|...}| + +\li|Command substitution: \c{$(...)}| + +\li|Process substitution: \c{<(...)}, \c{>(...)}| + +\li|Background: \c{...&}, \c{coproc ...}| + +| + +Naturally, a subshell cannot modify any state in the parent shell, which +sometimes leads to counter-intuitive behavior, for example: + +\ +lines=() + +... | while read l; do + lines+=(\"$l\") +done +\ + +At the end of the loop, \c{lines} will remain empty since the loop body is +executed in a subshell. One way to resolve this is to use the program +substitution instead of the pipeline: + +\ +lines=() + +while read l; do + lines+=(\"$l\") +done < <(...) +\ + +This, however, results in an unnatural, backwards-looking (compared to the +pipeline) code. Instead, we can request the last command of the pipeline to be +executed in the parent shell with the \c{lastpipe} shell option, for example: + +\ +shopt -s lastpipe + +lines=() + +... | while read l; do + lines+=(\"$l\") +done +\ + +\N|The \c{lastpipe} shell option is inherited by functions and subshells.| + + +\h1#error-handing|Error Handling| Our scripts use the error trap to automatically terminate the script in case -any command fails. If you need to check the exit status of a command, use -\c{if}, for example: +any command fails. This is also propagated to functions and subshells by +specifying the \c{errtrace} shell option. + +\N|While the \c{pipefail} and \c{nounset} options may also seem like a good +idea, they have subtle, often latent pitfalls that make them more trouble than +they are worth (see \l{https://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls#pipefail +\c{pipefail} pitfalls}, \l{https://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls#nounset +\c{nounset} pitfalls}). + +In particular, without \c{pipefail}, non-zero exist of any command in the +pipeline except the last is ignored. As a result, the pipeline needs to be +designed to work correctly in such cases, normally by relying on the input (or +lack thereof) to the last command to convey the failure. Alternatively, the +exit status of the pipeline commands can be explicitly checked using the +\c{PIPESTATUS} array.| + +If you need to check the exit status of a command, use \c{if}, for example: \ if grep \"foo\" /tmp/bar; then @@ -304,12 +386,130 @@ if v=\"$(...)\"; then fi \ -If you need to ignore the exit status, you can use \c{|| true}, for example: +But keep in mind that in Bash a failure is often indistinguishable from a +true/false result. For example, in the above \c{grep} command, the result will +be the same whether there is no match or if the file does not exist. + +Furthermore, in certain contexts, the above-mentioned error trap is ignored. +Quoting from the Bash manual: + +\i{The \c{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the +command list immediately following an \c{until} or \c{while} keyword, part of +the test following the \c{if} or \c{elif} reserved words, part of a command +executed in a \c{&&} or \c{||} list except the command following the final +\c{&&} or \c{||}, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command’s +return status is being inverted using \c{!}. These are the same conditions +obeyed by the \c{errexit} (\c{-e}) option.} + +To illustrate the gravity of this point, consider the following example: \ -foo || true +function cleanup() +{ + cd \"$1\" + rm -f * +} + +if ! cleanup /no/such/dir; then + ... +fi \ +Here, the \c{cleanup()} function will continue executing (and may succeed) +even if the \c{cd} command has failed. + +Note, however, that notwithstanding the above statement from the Bash manual, +the trap is executed in all the commands of a pipeline provided the +\c{errtrace} option is specified (presumably because commands of a pipeline +are said to execute in subshells). As a result, the above code can be made to +work using the pipe trick: + +\ +cleanup /no/such/dir | cat + +if [ \"${PIPESTATUS[0]}\" -ne 0 ]; then + ... +fi +\ + +\N|If the \c{pipefail} shell option is set, then the explicit \c{PIPESTATUS} +check is not necessary since the function failure will trigger the error trap +in the current shell.| + +The recommendation is then to avoid calling functions in contexts where the +error trap is ignored resorting to the pipe trick where that's not possible. +And to be mindful of the potential ambiguity between the true/false result and +failure for other commands. The use of the \c{&&} and \c{||} command +expressions is best left to the interactive shell. + +\N|The pipe trick cannot be used if the function needs to modify the global +state. Such a function, however, can return the exit status also as part of +the global state. The pipe trick can also be used to to ignore the exit status +of a command (provided \c{pipefail} is not set).| + +The pipe trick can also be used to distinguish between different exit codes, +for example: + +\ +function foo() +{ + bar # If this command fails, the function returns 1. + + if ... ; then + return 2 + fi +} + +foo | cat + +case \"${PIPESTATUS[0]}\" in + 0) + ;; + 1) + exit 1 + ;; + 2) + ... + ;; +esac +\ + +\N|In such functions it makes sense to keep exit code 1 to mean failure so +that the inherited error trap can be re-used.| + +This technique can be further extended to implement functions that both +return multiple exit codes and produce output, for example: + +\ +function foo() +{ + bar # If this command fails, the function returns 1. + + if ... ; then + return 2 + fi + + echo result +} + +foo | readarray -t r + +case \"${PIPESTATUS[0]}\" in + 0) + echo \"${r[0]}\" + ;; + 1) + exit 1 + ;; + 2) + ... + ;; +esac +\ + +\N|We use \c{readarray} instead of \c{read} since the latter fails if the left +hand side of the pipeline does not produce anything.| + \h1#bool|Boolean| @@ -347,8 +547,8 @@ For non-trivial/obvious functions also provide a short description of its functionality/purpose, for example: \ -# Prepare a distribution of the specified packages and place it into the -# specified directory. +# Prepare a distribution of the specified packages and place it +# into the specified directory. # function dist() # <pkg> <dir> { @@ -367,7 +567,7 @@ function dist() If the evaluation of the value may fail (e.g., it contains a program substitution), then place the assignment on a separate line since \c{local} -will cause the error to be ignore. For example: +will cause the error to be ignored. For example: \ function dist() |