path: root/build2/test/script/builtin.cxx

// file      : build2/test/script/builtin.cxx -*- C++ -*-
// copyright : Copyright (c) 2014-2017 Code Synthesis Ltd
// license   : MIT; see accompanying LICENSE file

#include <build2/test/script/builtin>

#ifndef _WIN32
#  include <utime.h>
#else
#  include <sys/utime.h>
#endif

#include <locale>
#include <thread>
#include <ostream>
#include <sstream>

#include <butl/path-io>    // use default operator<< implementation
#include <butl/fdstream>   // fdopen_mode, fdstream_mode
#include <butl/filesystem> // mkdir_status

#include <build2/regex>

#include <build2/test/script/script>

// Strictly speaking a builtin which reads/writes from/to standard streams
// must be asynchronous so that the caller can communicate with it through
// pipes without being blocked on I/O operations. However, as an optimization,
// we allow builtins that only print diagnostics to STDERR to be synchronous
// assuming that their output will always fit the pipe buffer. Synchronous
// builtins must not read from STDIN and write to STDOUT. Later we may relax
// this rule to allow a "short" output for such builtins.
//
using namespace std;
using namespace butl;

namespace build2
{
  namespace test
  {
    namespace script
    {
      using builtin_impl = uint8_t (scope&,
                                    const strings& args,
                                    auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err);
      static future<uint8_t>
      to_future (uint8_t status)
      {
        promise<uint8_t> p;
        future<uint8_t> f (p.get_future ());
        p.set_value (status);
        return f;
      }

      // Operation failed, diagnostics has already been issued.
      //
      struct failed {};

      // Accumulate an error message, print it atomically in dtor to the
      // provided stream and throw failed afterwards if requested. Prefixes
      // the message with the builtin name.
      //
      // Move constructible-only, not assignable (based to diag_record).
      //
      class error_record
      {
      public:
        template <typename T>
        friend const error_record&
        operator<< (const error_record& r, const T& x)
        {
          r.ss_ << x;
          return r;
        }

        error_record (ostream& o, bool fail, const char* name)
            : os_ (o), fail_ (fail), empty_ (false)
        {
          ss_ << name << ": ";
        }

        // Older versions of libstdc++ don't have the ostringstream move
        // support. Luckily, GCC doesn't seem to be actually needing move due
        // to copy/move elision.
        //
#ifdef __GLIBCXX__
        error_record (error_record&&);
#else
        error_record (error_record&& r)
            : os_ (r.os_),
              ss_ (move (r.ss_)),
              fail_ (r.fail_),
              empty_ (r.empty_)
        {
          r.empty_ = true;
        }
#endif

        ~error_record () noexcept (false)
        {
          if (!empty_)
          {
            // The output stream can be in a bad state (for example as a
            // result of unsuccessful attempt to report a previous error), so
            // we check it.
            //
            if (os_.good ())
            {
              ss_.put ('\n');
              os_ << ss_.str ();
              os_.flush ();
            }

            if (fail_)
              throw failed ();
          }
        }

      private:
        ostream& os_;
        mutable ostringstream ss_;

        bool fail_;
        bool empty_;
      };

      // Parse and normalize a path. Also, unless it is already absolute, make
      // the path absolute using the specified directory. Throw invalid_path
      // if the path is empty, and on parsing and normalization failures.
      //
      static path
      parse_path (string s, const dir_path& d)
      {
        path p (move (s));

        if (p.empty ())
          throw invalid_path ("");

        if (p.relative ())
          p = d / move (p);

        p.normalize ();
        return p;
      }

      // Builtin commands functions.
      //

      // cat <file>...
      //
      // Read files in sequence and write their contents to STDOUT in the same
      // sequence. Read from STDIN if no argumements provided or '-' is
      // specified as a file path. STDIN, STDOUT and file streams are set to
      // binary mode prior to I/O operations.
      //
      // Note that POSIX doesn't specify if after I/O operation failure the
      // command should proceed with the rest of the arguments. The current
      // implementation exits immediatelly in such a case.
      //
      // @@ Shouldn't we check that we don't print a nonempty regular file to
      //    itself, as that would merely exhaust the output device? POSIX
      //    allows (but not requires) such a check and some implementations do
      //    this. That would require to fstat() file descriptors and complicate
      //    the code a bit. Was able to reproduce on a big file (should be
      //    bigger than the stream buffer size) with the test
      //    'cat file >+file'.
      //
      // Note: must be executed asynchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      cat (scope& sp,
           const strings& args,
           auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (1);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        auto error = [&cerr] (bool fail = true)
        {
          return error_record (cerr, fail, "cat");
        };

        try
        {
          ifdstream cin  (move (in),  fdstream_mode::binary);
          ofdstream cout (move (out), fdstream_mode::binary);

          // Copy input stream to STDOUT.
          //
          auto copy = [&cout] (istream& is)
          {
            if (is.peek () != ifdstream::traits_type::eof ())
              cout << is.rdbuf ();

            is.clear (istream::eofbit); // Sets eofbit.
          };

          // Path of a file being printed to STDOUT. An empty path represents
          // STDIN. Used in diagnostics.
          //
          path p;

          try
          {
            // Print STDIN.
            //
            if (args.empty ())
              copy (cin);

            // Print files.
            //
            for (auto i (args.begin ()); i != args.end (); ++i)
            {
              if (*i == "-")
              {
                if (!cin.eof ())
                {
                  p.clear ();
                  copy (cin);
                }

                continue;
              }

              p = parse_path (*i, sp.wd_path);

              ifdstream is (p, ifdstream::binary);
              copy (is);
              is.close ();
            }
          }
          catch (const io_error& e)
          {
            error_record d (error ());
            d << "unable to print ";

            if (p.empty ())
              d << "stdin";
            else
              d << "'" << p << "'";

            d << ": " << e;
          }

          cin.close ();
          cout.close ();
          r = 0;
        }
        catch (const invalid_path& e)
        {
          error (false) << "invalid path '" << e.path << "'";
        }
        // Can be thrown while creating/closing cin, cout or writing to cerr.
        //
        catch (const io_error& e)
        {
          error (false) << e;
        }
        catch (const failed&)
        {
          // Diagnostics has already been issued.
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 1;
      }

      // echo <string>...
      //
      // Note: must be executed asynchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      echo (scope&,
            const strings& args,
            auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (1);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        try
        {
          in.close ();
          ofdstream cout (move (out));

          for (auto b (args.begin ()), i (b), e (args.end ()); i != e; ++i)
            cout << (i != b ? " " : "") << *i;

          cout << '\n';
          cout.close ();
          r = 0;
        }
        catch (const std::exception& e)
        {
          cerr << "echo: " << e << endl;
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 1;
      }

      // false
      //
      // Return 1. Failure to close the file descriptors is silently ignored.
      //
      static future<uint8_t>
      false_ (scope&, const strings&, auto_fd, auto_fd, auto_fd)
      {
        return to_future (1);
      }

      // true
      //
      // Return 0. Failure to close the file descriptors is silently ignored.
      //
      static future<uint8_t>
      true_ (scope&, const strings&, auto_fd, auto_fd, auto_fd)
      {
        return to_future (0);
      }

      // Create a directory if not exist and its parent directories if
      // necessary. Throw system_error on failure. Register created
      // directories for cleanup. The directory path must be absolute.
      //
      static void
      mkdir_p (scope& sp, const dir_path& p)
      {
        if (!dir_exists (p))
        {
          if (!p.root ())
            mkdir_p (sp, p.directory ());

          try_mkdir (p); // Returns success or throws.
          sp.clean ({cleanup_type::always, p}, true);
        }
      }

      // mkdir [-p] <dir>...
      //
      // -p
      //    Create any missing intermediate pathname components. Each argument
      //    that names an existing directory must be ignored without error.
      //
      // Note that POSIX doesn't specify if after a directory creation failure
      // the command should proceed with the rest of the arguments. The current
      // implementation exits immediatelly in such a case.
      //
      // Note: can be executed synchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      mkdir (scope& sp,
             const strings& args,
             auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (1);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        auto error = [&cerr] (bool fail = true)
        {
          return error_record (cerr, fail, "mkdir");
        };

        try
        {
          in.close ();
          out.close ();

          auto i (args.begin ());

          // Process options.
          //
          bool parent (false);
          for (; i != args.end (); ++i)
          {
            if (*i == "-p")
              parent = true;
            else
            {
              if (*i == "--")
                ++i;

              break;
            }
          }

          // Create directories.
          //
          if (i == args.end ())
            error () << "missing directory";

          for (; i != args.end (); ++i)
          {
            dir_path p (path_cast<dir_path> (parse_path (*i, sp.wd_path)));

            try
            {
              if (parent)
                mkdir_p (sp, p);
              else if (try_mkdir (p) == mkdir_status::success)
                sp.clean ({cleanup_type::always, p}, true);
              else //                == mkdir_status::already_exists
                throw system_error (EEXIST, system_category ());
            }
            catch (const system_error& e)
            {
              error () << "unable to create directory '" << p << "': " << e;
            }
          }

          r = 0;
        }
        catch (const invalid_path& e)
        {
          error (false) << "invalid path '" << e.path << "'";
        }
        // Can be thrown while closing in, out or writing to cerr.
        //
        catch (const io_error& e)
        {
          error (false) << e;
        }
        catch (const failed&)
        {
          // Diagnostics has already been issued.
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 1;
      }

      // rm [-r] [-f] <path>...
      //
      // Remove a file or directory. A path must not be the test working
      // directory or its parent directory. It also must not be outside the
      // testscript working directory unless the -f option is specified. Note
      // that directories are not removed by default.
      //
      // -r
      //    Remove directories recursively. Must be specified to remove even an
      //    empty directory.
      //
      // -f
      //    Do not fail if path doesn't exist or no paths specified. Removing
      //    paths outside the testscript working directory is not an error.
      //
      // The implementation deviates from POSIX in a number of ways. It doesn't
      // interact with a user and fails immediatelly if unable to process an
      // argument. It doesn't check for dots containment in the path, and
      // doesn't consider files and directory permissions in any way just
      // trying to remove a filesystem entry. Always fails if empty path is
      // specified.
      //
      // Note: can be executed synchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      rm (scope& sp,
          const strings& args,
          auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (1);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        auto error = [&cerr] (bool fail = true)
        {
          return error_record (cerr, fail, "rm");
        };

        try
        {
          in.close ();
          out.close ();

          auto i (args.begin ());

          // Process options.
          //
          bool dir (false);
          bool force (false);
          for (; i != args.end (); ++i)
          {
            if (*i == "-r")
              dir = true;
            else if (*i == "-f")
              force = true;
            else
            {
              if (*i == "--")
                ++i;

              break;
            }
          }

          // Remove entries.
          //
          if (i == args.end () && !force)
            error () << "missing file";

          const dir_path& wd  (sp.wd_path);
          const dir_path& rwd (sp.root->wd_path);

          for (; i != args.end (); ++i)
          {
            path p (parse_path (*i, wd));

            if (!p.sub (rwd) && !force)
              error () << "'" << p << "' is out of working directory '" << rwd
                       << "'";

            try
            {
              dir_path d (path_cast<dir_path> (p));

              if (dir_exists (d))
              {
                if (!dir)
                  error () << "'" << p << "' is a directory";

                if (wd.sub (d))
                  error () << "'" << p << "' contains test working directory '"
                           << wd << "'";

                // The call can result in rmdir_status::not_exist. That's not
                // very likelly but there is also nothing bad about it.
                //
                try_rmdir_r (d);
              }
              else if (try_rmfile (p) == rmfile_status::not_exist && !force)
                throw system_error (ENOENT, system_category ());
            }
            catch (const system_error& e)
            {
              error () << "unable to remove '" << p << "': " << e;
            }
          }

          r = 0;
        }
        catch (const invalid_path& e)
        {
          error (false) << "invalid path '" << e.path << "'";
        }
        // Can be thrown while closing in, out or writing to cerr.
        //
        catch (const io_error& e)
        {
          error (false) << e;
        }
        catch (const failed&)
        {
          // Diagnostics has already been issued.
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 1;
      }

      // rmdir [-f] <path>...
      //
      // Remove a directory. The directory must be empty and not be the test
      // working directory or its parent directory. It also must not be outside
      // the testscript working directory unless the -f option is specified.
      //
      // -f
      //    Do not fail if no directory is specified, the directory does not
      //    exist, or is outside the script working directory.
      //
      // Note: can be executed synchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      rmdir (scope& sp,
             const strings& args,
             auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (1);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        auto error = [&cerr] (bool fail = true)
        {
          return error_record (cerr, fail, "rmdir");
        };

        try
        {
          in.close ();
          out.close ();

          auto i (args.begin ());

          // Process options.
          //
          bool force (false);
          for (; i != args.end (); ++i)
          {
            if (*i == "-f")
              force = true;
            else
            {
              if (*i == "--")
                ++i;

              break;
            }
          }

          // Remove directories.
          //
          if (i == args.end () && !force)
            error () << "missing directory";

          const dir_path& wd  (sp.wd_path);
          const dir_path& rwd (sp.root->wd_path);

          for (; i != args.end (); ++i)
          {
            dir_path p (path_cast<dir_path> (parse_path (*i, wd)));

            if (wd.sub (p))
              error () << "'" << p << "' contains test working directory '"
                       << wd << "'";

            if (!p.sub (rwd) && !force)
              error () << "'" << p << "' is out of working directory '"
                       << rwd << "'";

            try
            {
              rmdir_status s (try_rmdir (p));

              if (s == rmdir_status::not_empty)
                throw system_error (ENOTEMPTY, system_category ());
              else if (s == rmdir_status::not_exist && !force)
                throw system_error (ENOENT, system_category ());
            }
            catch (const system_error& e)
            {
              error () << "unable to remove '" << p << "': " << e;
            }
          }

          r = 0;
        }
        catch (const invalid_path& e)
        {
          error (false) << "invalid path '" << e.path << "'";
        }
        // Can be thrown while closing in, out or writing to cerr.
        //
        catch (const io_error& e)
        {
          error (false) << e;
        }
        catch (const failed&)
        {
          // Diagnostics has already been issued.
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 1;
      }

      // sed [-n] -e <script> [<file>]
      //
      // Read text from file, make editing changes according to script, and
      // write the result to stdout. If file is not specified or is '-', read
      // from stdin.
      //
      // -n
      //    Suppress automatic printing of the pattern space at the end of the
      //    script execution.
      //
      // -e <script>
      //    Editing commands to be executed (required).
      //
      //  Currently, only single-command scripts using the following editing
      //  commands are supported.
      //
      //  s/<regex>/<replacement>/<flags>
      //    The supported flags are 'i' (case-insensitive search), 'g'
      //    (substitute globally), 'p' (print if a replacement was made). If
      //    regex starts with ^, then it only matches at the beginning of the
      //    pattern space. Similarly, if it ends with $, then it only matches
      //    at the end of the pattern space.
      //
      //    In replacement, besides the standard ECMAScript escape sequences a
      //    subset of Perl-specific ones is recognized.
      //
      //  For more details read the builtin description in 'The build2
      //  Testscript Language'.
      //
      // Note: must be executed asynchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      sed (scope& sp,
           const strings& args,
           auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (1);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        auto error = [&cerr] (bool fail = true)
        {
          return error_record (cerr, fail, "sed");
        };

        try
        {
          // Do not throw when failbit is set (getline() failed to extract any
          // character).
          //
          ifdstream cin  (move (in), ifdstream::badbit);
          ofdstream cout (move (out));

          auto i (args.begin ());
          auto e (args.end ());

          // Process options.
          //
          bool auto_prn (true);

          struct substitute
          {
            string regex;
            string replacement;
            bool icase  = false;
            bool global = false;
            bool print  = false;
          };
          optional<substitute> subst;

          for (; i != e; ++i)
          {
            if (*i == "-n")
              auto_prn = false;
            else if (*i == "-e")
            {
              // Only a single script is supported.
	      //
              if (subst)
                error () << "multiple scripts";

              // If option has no value then bail out and report.
              //
              if (++i == e)
                break;

              const string& v (*i);
              if (v.empty ())
                error () << "empty script";

              if (v[0] != 's')
                error () << "only 's' command supported";

              // Parse the substitute command.
              //
              if (v.size () < 2)
                error () << "no delimiter for 's' command";

              char delim (v[1]);
              if (delim == '\\' || delim == '\n')
                error () << "invalid delimiter for 's' command";

              size_t p (v.find (delim, 2));
              if (p == string::npos)
                error () << "unterminated 's' command regex";

              subst = substitute ();
              subst->regex.assign (v, 2, p - 2);

              // Empty regex matches nothing, so not of much use.
              //
              if (subst->regex.empty ())
                error () << "empty regex in 's' command";

              size_t b (p + 1);
              p = v.find (delim, b);
              if (p == string::npos)
                error () << "unterminated 's' command replacement";

              subst->replacement.assign (v, b, p - b);

              // Parse the substitute command flags.
              //
              char c;
              for (++p; (c = v[p]) != '\0'; ++p)
              {
                switch (c)
                {
                case 'i': subst->icase  = true; break;
                case 'g': subst->global = true; break;
                case 'p': subst->print  = true; break;
                default:
                  {
                    error () << "invalid 's' command flag '" << c << "'";
                  }
                }
              }
            }
            else
            {
              if (*i == "--")
                ++i;

              break;
            }
          }

          if (!subst)
            error () << "missing script";

          // Path of a file to edit. An empty path represents stdin.
          //
          path p;
          if (i != e)
	  {
	    if (*i != "-")
              p = parse_path (*i, sp.wd_path);

            ++i;
	  }

          if (i != e)
	    error () << "unexpected argument";

          // Note that ECMAScript is implied if no grammar flag is specified.
          //
          regex re (subst->regex,
                    subst->icase ? regex::icase : regex::ECMAScript);

          // Edit a file or STDIN.
          //
          try
          {
            // Open a file if specified.
            //
            if (!p.empty ())
            {
              cin.close (); // Flush and close.
              cin.open (p);
            }

            // Read until failbit is set (throw on badbit).
            //
            string s;
            while (getline (cin, s))
            {
              auto r (regex_replace_ex (s,
                                        re,
                                        subst->replacement,
                                        subst->global
                                        ? regex_constants::format_default
                                        : regex_constants::format_first_only));

              // Add newline regardless whether the source line is newline-
              // terminated or not (in accordance with POSIX).
              //
              if (auto_prn || (r.second && subst->print))
                cout << r.first << '\n';
            }

            cin.close ();
            cout.close ();
            r = 0;
          }
          catch (const io_error& e)
          {
            error_record d (error ());
            d << "unable to edit ";

            if (p.empty ())
              d << "stdin";
            else
              d << "'" << p << "'";

            d << ": " << e;
          }
        }
        catch (const regex_error& e)
        {
          // Print regex_error description if meaningful (no space).
          //
          error (false) << "invalid regex" << e;
        }
        catch (const invalid_path& e)
        {
          error (false) << "invalid path '" << e.path << "'";
        }
        // Can be thrown while creating cin, cout or writing to cerr.
        //
        catch (const io_error& e)
        {
          error (false) << e;
        }
        catch (const failed&)
        {
          // Diagnostics has already been issued.
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 1;
      }

      // test -f|-d <path>
      //
      // Test the specified path according to one of the following options.
      // Succeed (0 exit code) if the test passes and fail (1 exit code)
      // otherwise. In case of an error exit with code 2. Providing no
      // arguments is an error (unlike POSIX).
      //
      // -f
      //    Path exists and is to a regular file.
      //
      // -d
      //    Path exists and is to a directory.
      //
      // Note that tests dereference symbolic links.
      //
      // Note: can be executed synchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      test (scope& sp,
            const strings& args,
            auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (2);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        auto error = [&cerr] (bool fail = true)
        {
          return error_record (cerr, fail, "test");
        };

        try
        {
          in.close ();
          out.close ();

          if (args.size () < 2)
            error () << "missing path";

          bool file (args[0] == "-f");

          if (!file && args[0] != "-d")
            error () << "invalid option";

          if (args.size () > 2)
            error () << "unexpected argument";

          path p (parse_path (args[1], sp.wd_path));

          try
          {
            r = (file ? file_exists (p) : dir_exists (p)) ? 0 : 1;
          }
          catch (const system_error& e)
          {
            error () << "cannot test '" << p << "': " << e;
          }
        }
        catch (const invalid_path& e)
        {
          error (false)  << "invalid path '" << e.path << "'";
        }
        // Can be thrown while closing in, out or writing to cerr.
        //
        catch (const io_error& e)
        {
          error (false) << e;
        }
        catch (const failed&)
        {
          // Diagnostics has already been issued.
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 2;
      }

      // touch <file>...
      //
      // Change file access and modification times to the current time. Create
      // a file if doesn't exist. Fail if a file system entry other than file
      // exists for the name specified.
      //
      // Note that POSIX doesn't specify the behavior for touching an entry
      // other than file.
      //
      // Also note that POSIX doesn't specify if after a file touch failure the
      // command should proceed with the rest of the arguments. The current
      // implementation exits immediatelly in such a case.
      //
      // Note: can be executed synchronously.
      //
      static uint8_t
      touch (scope& sp,
             const strings& args,
             auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err) noexcept
      try
      {
        uint8_t r (1);
        ofdstream cerr (move (err));

        auto error = [&cerr] (bool fail = true)
        {
          return error_record (cerr, fail, "touch");
        };

        try
        {
          in.close ();
          out.close ();

          if (args.empty ())
            error () << "missing file";

          // Create files.
          //
          for (auto i (args.begin ()); i != args.end (); ++i)
          {
            path p (parse_path (*i, sp.wd_path));

            try
            {
              if (file_exists (p))
              {
                // Set the file access and modification times to the current
                // time. Note that we don't register (implicit) cleanup for an
                // existing path.
                //
#ifndef _WIN32
                if (utime  (p.string ().c_str (), nullptr) == -1)
#else
                if (_utime (p.string ().c_str (), nullptr) == -1)
#endif
                  throw system_error (errno, system_category ());
              }
              else if (!entry_exists (p))
              {
                // Create the file. Assume the file access and modification
                // times are set to the current time automatically.
                //
                try
                {
                  fdopen (p, fdopen_mode::out | fdopen_mode::create);
                }
                catch (const io_error& e)
                {
                  error () << "cannot create file '" << p << "': " << e;
                }

                sp.clean ({cleanup_type::always, p}, true);
              }
              else
                error () << "'" << p << "' exists and is not a file";
            }
            catch (const system_error& e)
            {
              error () << "cannot create/update '" << p << "': " << e;
            }
          }

          r = 0;
        }
        catch (const invalid_path& e)
        {
          error (false) << "invalid path '" << e.path << "'";
        }
        // Can be thrown while closing in, out or writing to cerr.
        //
        catch (const io_error& e)
        {
          error (false) << e;
        }
        catch (const failed&)
        {
          // Diagnostics has already been issued.
        }

        cerr.close ();
        return r;
      }
      catch (const std::exception&)
      {
        return 1;
      }

      static void
      thread_thunk (builtin_impl* fn,
                    scope& sp,
                    const strings& args,
                    auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err,
                    promise<uint8_t> p)
      {
        // The use of set_value_at_thread_exit() would be more appropriate but
        // the function is not supported by old versions of g++ (e.g., not in
        // 4.9). There could also be overhead associated with it.
        //
        p.set_value (fn (sp, args, move (in), move (out), move (err)));
      }

      // Run builtin implementation asynchronously.
      //
      static future<uint8_t>
      async_impl (builtin_impl fn,
                  scope& sp,
                  const strings& args,
                  auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err)
      {
        promise<uint8_t> p;
        future<uint8_t> f (p.get_future ());

        thread t (thread_thunk,
                  fn,
                  ref (sp),
                  cref (args),
                  move (in), move (out), move (err),
                  move (p));

        t.detach ();
        return f;
      }

      template <builtin_impl fn>
      static future<uint8_t>
      async_impl (scope& sp,
                  const strings& args,
                  auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err)
      {
        return async_impl (fn, sp, args, move (in), move (out), move (err));
      }

      // Run builtin implementation synchronously.
      //
      template <builtin_impl fn>
      static future<uint8_t>
      sync_impl (scope& sp,
                 const strings& args,
                 auto_fd in, auto_fd out, auto_fd err)
      {
        return to_future (fn (sp, args, move (in), move (out), move (err)));
      }

      const builtin_map builtins
      {
        {"cat",   &async_impl<&cat>},
        {"echo",  &async_impl<&echo>},
        {"false", &false_},
        {"mkdir", &sync_impl<&mkdir>},
        {"rm",    &sync_impl<&rm>},
        {"rmdir", &sync_impl<&rmdir>},
        {"sed",   &async_impl<&sed>},
        {"test",  &sync_impl<&test>},
        {"touch", &sync_impl<&touch>},
        {"true",  &true_}
      };
    }
  }
}